Review #6 Transport and Gas Exchange, Muscles & Neurons Practice Questions
1.	(a)	Outline how coronary thrombosis can be caused.
 (2)
(b)	The oxygen dissociation curve is a graph that shows the percentage saturation of hemoglobin at various partial pressures of oxygen. Curve A shows the dissociation at a pH of 7 and curve B shows the dissociation at a different pH.
		
	[Used with Permission. From: Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data, Fourth Edition. Copyright 2009, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.]
(i)	State the possible cause of the curve shifting from A to B.
 (1)
(ii)	On the graph, draw the curve for myoglobin.
(2)
(c)	Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
 (2)
(Total 7 marks) 
2.	Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
	(a)	The pumping of blood is a vital process. Explain the roles of the atria and ventricles in the pumping of blood.
(4)
(b)	Explain how the structure of an artery allows it to carry out its function efficiently.
(5)
(c)	Describe the inheritance of ABO blood groups.
(9)
(Total 20 marks)
3.	Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
		Blood is a liquid tissue containing glucose, urea, plasma proteins and other components.
List the other components of blood.
(5)
 (Total 7 marks) 
4.	Explain the oxygen dissociation curves of adult hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin and myoglobin.
 (Total 6 marks)
5.	Explain how and why ventilation rate varies with exercise.
 (Total 6 marks) 
6.	Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
		Draw a labelled diagram to show the human ventilation system.
(4)
 (Total 6 marks) 
7.	Explain the role of the SA (sinoatrial) node in the cardiac cycle.
 (Total 6 marks) 
8.	Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
	(a)	State four molecules transported by the blood.
(4)
(b)	Outline the control of the heartbeat.
(6)
 (Total 12 marks)
9.	Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
	(a)	Draw a labelled diagram of the heart showing the chambers, associated blood vessels and valves.
(4)
(b)	Describe the processes involved in blood clotting.
(6)
 (Total 12 marks) 
10.	Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
	Outline how heartbeat is controlled as the body goes from rest to hard exercise.
(6)
 (Total 8 marks)
11.	Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
	(a)	During a period of physical exercise, the rate of urine production falls, but the ventilation rate and the body temperature rise. Explain the mechanisms that are used to cool the body when it is overheated.
(5)
(b)	Describe the structure of the ventilation system, including the alveoli.
(8)
(Total 15 marks)
12.	(a)	List the locations of chemosensors that detect changes in CO2 concentrations in the blood.
 (2)
(b)	State the name of the enzyme in red blood cells that converts CO2 to a more soluble form.
 (1)
(c)	Explain the oxygen dissociation curve of myoglobin.
 (3)
(Total 6 marks)
13.	Explain, with the use of a diagram, the role of the Bohr shift in the supply of oxygen to respiring heart muscle.
 (Total 6 marks)

14.	(a)	Explain the role of the neurons used in the pain withdrawal reflex.
 (3)
(b)	Distinguish between taxis and kinesis.
 (2)
(c)	State one effect of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on brain function.
 (1)
(Total 6 marks)
15.	(a)	Draw a labelled diagram of a sarcomere.
(3)
(b)	Explain the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction.
 (2)
(Total 5 marks)
16.	(a)	The diagram below shows an elbow joint.

(i)	On the diagram, label a pair of antagonistic muscles.
(1)
(ii)	State the function of the structure labelled A.
 (1)
(b)	Explain the role of ATP in the contraction of skeletal muscle.
 (3)
(Total 5 marks)
 
17.	(a)	Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a skeletal muscle sarcomere.
(3)
(b)	Outline the role of myoglobin in muscle fibres.
 (2)
(Total 5 marks)
18.	Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
	(a)	Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a sarcomere.
(4)
(b)	Outline how skeletal muscle contracts.
(5) 
(c)	Explain how nerve impulses are transmitted along and between neurons.
(9)
(Total 20 marks)
19.	(a)	Outline the functions of the
(i)	synovial fluid
 (1)
(ii)	joint capsule
 (1)
(b)	State the name of the structure that links muscle to bone.
 (1)
 (Total 3 marks)
20.	Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
	(a)	Draw a labelled diagram showing the structure of a motor neuron.
(4)
(b)	Outline how heartbeat is controlled as the body goes from rest to hard exercise.
(6)
(c)	Explain how skeletal muscle contracts.
(8)
(Total 20 marks)